Analysis of Roe v. Wade The State Should Protect the...

The United States has been divided now over the issue of abortion for thirty-three years since the Supreme Court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade in 1973. As of today, over 45 million legal abortions have been performed in the United States. Pro-choice advocates hold these 45 million abortions as being 45 million times women have exercised their right to choose to get pregnant and to choose to control their own bodies. To pro-life, or anti-abortion, advocates these 45 million abortions constitute 45 million murders, a genocide of human life in the United States propagated by the court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade. The debate over abortion in the United States is thus a debate of two extremes. One side argues from the personal liberty of the mother. The†¦show more content†¦Justice Blackmun argued that historically abortion was accepted and legal since the times of the Greeks and Romans. He pointed out that under common law, it was without dispute that an â€Å"abortion per formed before â€Å"quickening†Ã¢â‚¬â€the first recognizable movement of the fetus in utero, appearing usually from the 16th to the 18th week of pregnancy—was not an indictable offense.† Indeed, it was only in the last two centuries that any real regulation had been passed to punish the abortion of â€Å"quickening† fetuses. The abortion of a â€Å"pre-quickening† child was not illegal in the United States until it was banned in New York in 1860. To be sure, Blackmun argued that abortion laws in the United States were relatively stricter in the 1970’s than they had been in the past two thousand years. Therefore, under Blackmun’s argument, the Roe v. Wade ruling was more in step with the past interpretation of abortion law up to the middle of the nineteenth century. Blackmun argued that the right to privacy, as defined in the Griswold v. Connecticut decision in 1965, included â€Å"the abortion decision.† In the ninth amendment, Blackmun argued, was â€Å"broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.† However, despite this argument of a woman’s right to end her pregnancy being cover under the â€Å"right to privacy† as established in Griswold,Show MoreRelatedRoe vs Wade1245 Words   |  5 Pagescase of Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)), in which abortion was legalized and state anti-abortion statues were struck down for being unconstitutional. This essay will provide a brief history and analysis of the issues of this case for both the woman’s rights and the states interest in the matter. Also, this essay will address the basis for the court ruling in Roe’s favor and the effects this decision has had on subsequent cases involving a woman’s right t o choose abortion in the United States. TheRead MoreAbortion Is Wrong Or Not? Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs, choice, pro-life, conception, ect, are major themes introduced during arguments regarding whether abortion is wrong or not. In 1973, in the case of Roe v. Wade abortion was legalized at the federal level, but ultimately it was left up to the states to choose how they wanted to oversee abortion laws. The state of New Jersey has a proposed a new law â€Å"S2026: â€Å"Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act,† which bans abortion 20 weeks or more after fertilization. Compared to other states New Jersey hasRead MoreAbortion Pros and Cons7190 Words   |  29 PagesABORTION PROS AND CONS Critical Issue Analysis Paper (Pros Cons) Mandy Diaz University of Phoenix Oscar Gonzalez, M.A. RES 110/ Introduction to Research and Information Utilization August 13, 2007 Abstract When people think of abortion some people think of killing a human while others think different. When you talk to people about abortion some people are against it and some are for abortion. Abortion Pros and Cons Abortion to people takes a life of a human. It is the expulsion ofRead More Abortion in the United States Essay3509 Words   |  15 PagesAbortion in the United States Abortion has been a complex social issue in the United States ever since restrictive abortion laws began to appear in the 1820s. By 1965, abortions had been outlawed in the U.S., although they continued illegally; about one million abortions per year were estimated to have occurred in the 1960s. (Krannich 366) Ultimately, in the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, it was ruled that women had the right to privacy and could make an individual choice on whetherRead More Analyzing Abortion Essay4822 Words   |  20 PagesAnalyzing Abortion In 1973, Roe versus Wade instigated an ongoing debate in the United States concerning the implementation of abortion (Rubin 1). Prior to Roe, abortion was illegal, however it was practiced. In 1846, a few blocks south of Manhattan’s Greenwich Village, Madame Restell performed illegal abortions to â€Å"cure† female irregularities, or pregnancies (Rubin 1). After Restell, a group called â€Å"Jane†, also known as the Abortion Counseling Service of the Chicago Women’s Liberation UnionRead MoreIssue Analysis And Planned Change Abortion6451 Words   |  26 PagesISSUE ANALYSIS AND PLANNED CHANGE ABORTION 2 ISSUE ANALYSIS AND PLAN OF CHANGE ABORTION 3 Issue Analysis and Planned Change paper: Abortion Deena Krieger Mount Aloysius College NU 401: Capstone Mrs. Sherry Obert MSN, RN December 3, 2015 Running head: ISSUE ANALYSIS AND PLANNED CHANGE ABORTION 1 Introduction Over the years women have struggled with wanted and unwanted pregnancies. Planned parenthood and not ?planned parenthood? has become a choice for some women. Variables willRead More Abortion Essay4131 Words   |  17 PagesShould abortion be allowed in the United States? If so, then under what circumstances? Abortion has been one of the most heatedly debated topics in the U.S. for more than a century. This paper explores the history and international use of abortion, as well as the empirical and moral claims made by both sides of the issue. We will also examine the key positions taken on abortion and look at those affected by it. Based on extensive research and analysis, this paper will recommend that the government

African Americans Of The Modern World And The Discovery Of...

Throughout the creation of mankind and the discovery of North America, society constructed a term that classified human beings into categories. This term is used to identify people based on their physical characteristics, ancestry, or historical background. The term is race. Often, it is used in a negative connotation because of the belief that there is a superior race. However, settlers like John Smith who sought to prosper decided since they had the most power and were the â€Å"chosen ones†, they should be the leaders of the modern world and spread their beliefs among those who were unworthy and not fit to be self-governed. Thus, as they instituted themselves as the superior race, people of color were coined as minorities. Those seen as a minority at first were African Americans. African Americans have struggled throughout history to obtain equality against racism occasionally resorting to protests and strikes in order to achieve their goal. This struggle has turned into a war between races. Between 1877 and 2015, African Americans fought for representation in the workforce, integration, and a safe environment. Coming of Age in Mississippi, For the Record: A Documentary History of America, and America: A Narrative History, are all books containing primary sources that will help illustrate the struggles fought by many. The institution of Black Codes in 1865, brought severe consequences for blacks, these laws restored slavery in all but name (Shi, For the Record: A DocumentaryShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans and Cotton Fields1233 Words   |  5 Pageswe perceive it to be African Americans working on a cotton field, but where did that perception come from and where did slavery begin in North America? Slavery has been one of the longest standing legal systems used throughout history. History shows that the first settlers in North America, both the Vikings and Native Americans, were the first cultures to practice slavery in the area. Slavery continued through early modern history, aiding in the discovery of North America by the Spaniards and BritishRead MoreNative American And African Slaves1731 Words   |  7 PagesAs the Native American population had been decimated by genocide and war, England looked to African slaves to provide them with the necessary labor to harvest tobacco. Although African slaves had the same status as that of an indentured servant, African slaves began to become more and more restricted, losing all human and civil rights. These restrictions were placed on African slaves to protect the rights of the indentured Englishmen, and developed a social/political system based of segregation andRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On Europe, Africa, And The Americas1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of European Exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas Whenever you hear about the European Exploration, or ‘The Age of Discovery’’ you hear a lot about what the Europeans gained from it, while they did learn a lot from this and gather a lot of new resources they were not the only ones affected. The Age of Discovery affected more areas that just Europe, it also affected the Americas and Africa. To prove this we must first know what European Exploration is. From the 15th century toRead MoreThe American Civil War And The Civil Rights Movement901 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst twelve presidents of the United States were slave owners (Piersen 1996: 24). However, the controversy over slavery was a hotly debated topic in American society, leading eventually to the American Civil War (1861-1865), which finally brought slavery to an end. After the emancipation, overcoming slavery s legacy remained a crucial issue in American history, from Reconstruction following the war to the Civil Rights Movement a century later. The practice of slavery dates to prehistoricRead MoreThe Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States Essay670 Words   |  3 Pageswith the discovery of the New World, the English experienced a shortage of laborers to work the lands they claimed. The English tried to enslave the natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans. Although Native Americans were readily available and were initially numerous, Africans becameRead MoreThe Claim Justified Evolution Of The Transatlantic Slave Trade1518 Words   |  7 Pagesconquest, also known as manifest destiny. This Christian religious affiliation had a large impact in the use of slaves, as well as the formulation of laws favoring the wellbeing of Christian slaves. Not only did the use of slaves boost exp loration and discovery, it also boomed Europe’s economy. This economical boost contributed to the overwhelming impact of present day capitalism and exploitation. Of course, as time went on and countries began to solidify in early European times, they were beginning toRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade1392 Words   |  6 PagesTrade was a system of slavery that took place between the 16th and 19th centuries. It comprised of capturing African tribesmen and women from areas of Western and Central Africa and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like England, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacco, and eventuallyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On The United States Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pageschange has occurred in the study of slavery and its impact on the s ettling of the â€Å"New World.† From a footnote in American history of little consequence until the cotton fields of the antebellum South, it has evolved into a study that now sees the institution as the most significant element in the colonization and exploitation of this hemisphere by Europeans. It also acknowledges the participation of Africans and the Amerindians in this process and furthermore sees it as essential to its occurrenceRead MoreIndians And The Columbian Exchange1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the old world and the new world. The old world is considered Europe, Asia and Africa and the new world is considered America. Their colonies started to trade with each other and that’s when they formed the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. The exchange of the new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Natives gave and received many items. Even though Europe ans and American Indians saw someRead MoreChristopher Columbus and His Legacy: Positive vs. Negative Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesUpon completion of first grade, it is likely that children in America will have learned about the famous maritime explorer and navigator, Christopher Columbus. Born in 1451, Columbus was a Genoese captain commissioned by the king and queen of Spain to find a route to the Indies. However, he sailed the opposite direction of his intended goal by crossing the Atlantic and landing in the Americas, resulting in the discovery of the New World for Spain. Like all major figures in history, Columbus has left

The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi Free Essays

Importance of keeping a clean and standardized MPI A clean Master Patient Index is a huge part of a successful healthcare organization. Therefor, it is very important to identify duplicate records. Duplicate records could cause major issues such as patient safety, risk management, legal, customer service, and other issues. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example duplicate lab tests could be ordered by doctors and preformed , one of the most common being radiology exams because the previous films were not available for comparison. There have been delays in surgery due to lack of available medical history due to duplicate records. Another common issue with duplicate records is the fact that initial treatment is sometimes delayed. Duplicate record management reports should be reviewed to make sure all of the duplicates have been taken care of and merged properly. One thing that we all need to remember is that the MPI is not an automated process and no particular way of repairing records takes away the human component. Therefore it is important to review all possible duplicates, identify those that need more research and those that can be confirmed as true duplicates. Then verify all possible duplicates that require additional research and reconcile those records. The HIM supervisor’s role in managing the duplicate processes and workflow is to assign specific tasks to specific staff members, review duplicate management reports, oversee the process of identifying duplicate records, make sure corrections are made and done correctly. They should also try to minimize the causes of duplicates, by looking for patterns. The problem may be created in a specific situation or a specific department. The HIM supervisor might also evaluate current processes for reconciliation of duplicate records and overlaid medical records. The bigger the database, the bigger the duplication problem can be. The productivity of the duplicate merging process is important to monitor to be sure there is no information being deleted or added in the process. It is also important to monitor it so there is no need to re-run and re-run the same reports to double and triple check that duplicates no longer exist. The organization should set MPI standards and processing standards, as there are no set industry standards. There are EMPI recommendations as seen in appendix A AHIMA recommended data elements. It is very important to set standards based on the recommended data elements in appendix A so that nationally and even internationally, your MPI will be asily read and understood, if needed. It is important that it be similar if not the same as other organizations’ MPIs so if anyone from another facility or organization needs to access patient records from your database, it will be straight-forward. It is also a good idea to follow the same or similar procedures as other organizations so whe n new staff is hired or transferred, there will not be very much training needed. In closing, it is very important to keep a clean and standardized MPI for many many reasons: ease of use, patient safety, timely treatment, and transferability, not to mention billing and legal reasons. How to cite The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi, Essay examples

The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi Free Essays

Importance of keeping a clean and standardized MPI A clean Master Patient Index is a huge part of a successful healthcare organization. Therefor, it is very important to identify duplicate records. Duplicate records could cause major issues such as patient safety, risk management, legal, customer service, and other issues. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example duplicate lab tests could be ordered by doctors and preformed , one of the most common being radiology exams because the previous films were not available for comparison. There have been delays in surgery due to lack of available medical history due to duplicate records. Another common issue with duplicate records is the fact that initial treatment is sometimes delayed. Duplicate record management reports should be reviewed to make sure all of the duplicates have been taken care of and merged properly. One thing that we all need to remember is that the MPI is not an automated process and no particular way of repairing records takes away the human component. Therefore it is important to review all possible duplicates, identify those that need more research and those that can be confirmed as true duplicates. Then verify all possible duplicates that require additional research and reconcile those records. The HIM supervisor’s role in managing the duplicate processes and workflow is to assign specific tasks to specific staff members, review duplicate management reports, oversee the process of identifying duplicate records, make sure corrections are made and done correctly. They should also try to minimize the causes of duplicates, by looking for patterns. The problem may be created in a specific situation or a specific department. The HIM supervisor might also evaluate current processes for reconciliation of duplicate records and overlaid medical records. The bigger the database, the bigger the duplication problem can be. The productivity of the duplicate merging process is important to monitor to be sure there is no information being deleted or added in the process. It is also important to monitor it so there is no need to re-run and re-run the same reports to double and triple check that duplicates no longer exist. The organization should set MPI standards and processing standards, as there are no set industry standards. There are EMPI recommendations as seen in appendix A AHIMA recommended data elements. It is very important to set standards based on the recommended data elements in appendix A so that nationally and even internationally, your MPI will be asily read and understood, if needed. It is important that it be similar if not the same as other organizations’ MPIs so if anyone from another facility or organization needs to access patient records from your database, it will be straight-forward. It is also a good idea to follow the same or similar procedures as other organizations so whe n new staff is hired or transferred, there will not be very much training needed. In closing, it is very important to keep a clean and standardized MPI for many many reasons: ease of use, patient safety, timely treatment, and transferability, not to mention billing and legal reasons. How to cite The Importance of Processing Duplicates in an Mpi, Essay examples

Song of Hannah and Psalm 113 Essay Example

Song of Hannah and Psalm 113 Essay If there is one description that makes these two hymns identical is that these are both songs of praise and thanksgiving. Both come from the spirit that acknowledges God to be the Sovereign One who seems to always overrule everything for the cause of the poor; people who are not just materially and physically destitute, but their life situations have rendered them totally dependent on God who alone can reverse their plight. The background for Hannah’s song of praise in 1 Samuel 2 is her deliverance from her disadvantaged state when she was yet barren and was ridiculed and looked at with scorn by Peninnah. Because it was specifically promised God to the Israelites in the ancient times the multiplication of their numbers, it had become to them an unmistakable sign of God’s favor when their women were given the ability to bear children.Bearing children was one of the few things that they valued greatly in Old Testament times (Constable, 2000). Hannah experienced Godâ€℠¢s deliverance when God in answer to her prayer had given her Samuel – her firstborn. No one could have understood nor ever have a glimpse of insight into what Hannah has gone through in her barren years if not for the inspired record of her song. The song is actually a disclosure of Hannah’s heart. What she realized through her ordeal was the fact that God is on the side of the disadvantaged who actively trust in Him. It has become the common sentiment among God’s people that God helps the helpless. Psalm 113 is the same in its tone as Hannah’s hymn. It is a song of praise to God for His ability to save. Verses 7-9 are particularly similar to Hannah’s words in 1 Samuel 2:1-10 (Perowne, 1976). It expresses the same thoughts.Another aspect of Psalm 113 which is very similar to Hannah’s song is the humble acknowledgement of God’s condescension to humanity in general. In spite of the fact that God is the One who governs and provides for all of His creatures, and besides the fact that He is infinitely â€Å"above† and â€Å"dwells on high,† He humbles Himself in that He bothers to visit or meddle with the lowly affairs of humans. In His condescension in dealing with mankind, He would even stoop so low as to lift up â€Å"the poor out of the dust.† He rewards the humble with promotion among the nobles of the earth. Indeed, it is a standard working of God to exalt those who are lowly and it has become a common thing among those who are familiar with the ways of God to see God’s working on the behalf of people who rest their cause in the hands of the mighty God knowing that from Him will come their reward in following His will and trusting only in Him while the pressure around tells them to adopt other ways (A. Clarke Commentary). Psalm 113 is one among other psalms that constitute hallel (a command to praise).According to bible scholars, Hallel is a collection of psalms that male Jews would use as they are required to go to Jerusalem to celebrate the three feasts – Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles. God is the great deliverer of His people. This theme of God being the deliverer resonates throughout the Scripture – from Sarah, Rachel, Job, and Mary in the New Testament. Mary’s Magnificat in Luke 1:46-55 is also similar to the Song of Hannah. The culmination of God’s deliverance or rather the ultimate expression of it is found in the Incarnation. In Christ Jesus, God who was the highest had made Himself so low that He became a man. Just by becoming a human being, the holy and transcendent God had stripped Himself of any â€Å"reputation.† But yet, in Incarnation, He went as far as â€Å"taking the form of a bondservant.† This is what the psalmist has tried to make clear in contemplating on God’s deliverance. Every time that God executes justice for the poor, it means also the humiliation of God who bothers to save in t he first place.It is an always an inspiring moment when a person only understand the essence of the hymn or song that Psalm 113 and as compared and contrasted with Hannah’s song. There are times in a person’s life that no words are more apt to describe the anguish, joy and any of the different ranges of meanings that many of our experiences are bringing us. The scriptures such as that of Hannah’s account and the passage in Psalm 113 for instance make many of these unexplainable feelings and experiences easier to express.

HYPERTENSION Essays - Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Free Essays

HYPERTENSION Essays - Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Free Essays HYPERTENSION ************************************************************** Blood pressure "Blood pressure" is the force with which your heart pumps blood through the body. Occasional increases in blood pressure levels are not unusual. Hypertension Hypertension is high blood pressure. When heart beats (contracts and relaxes) it pumps out a certain volume of blood. The maximum arterial pressure, measured in mm Hg, determines the systolic reading and the lowest reading of this pressure is called the diastolic pressure. It is widely accepted that a person having a reading of a systolic pressure of greater than/equal to 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of greater than/equal to 90 mm Hg is considered to have high blood pressure. When such a reading is sustained over a period of time, it is diagnosed as hypertension. Causes There are two types of hypertension. One is primary hypertension and the other is secondary hypertension. The cause of primary hypertension is unknown. It just happens but however, there are certain risk factors or associations such as hereditary factors, race, age, environmental and life-style factors (where you live, salt and other chemicals, weight, stress, alcohol, lack of exercise). The difference between primary and secondary hypertension is that we know the causes of secondary hypertension. Usually, the causes of secondary hypertension include renal artery stenosis (or other cause of increased plasma renin), renal parenchymal disease (glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic disease, obstructive uropathy), drugs (oral contraceptives, steroids), and increased levels of catecholamines (pheochromocytoma), glucocorticoids (Cushing's disease), or mineralcorticoids. Symptoms Hypertension is referred to as "the silent killer" since those afflicted seem to experience few, if any, symptoms. However, hypertension may be associated with fatigue, headaches, lightheadedness, chest pains, visual and speech disturbances, shortness of breath, and nose bleeds. Treatments We do not know what causes "essential" hypertension but we have proof that there are many factors associated with its development, such as age, race, and family history. Many of these cannot be controlled or prevented; however, weight, diet, and life-style can be controlled to a great extent, and their control may help prevent or reduce your high blood pressure. Hypertension is controllable and one of the simplest treatment is taking medication. There are a wide variety of medication available for patients. Diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, alpha blockers, central agents, and vasodilators are just some drugs used to treat high blood pressure. ********************************************************************************** High blood pressure is dangerous because if it is not treated and controlled it can damage important organs of the body: the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. When blood pressure remains abnormally high for a long time, usually years, the increased force against the walls of the arteries causes them to become thicker and crooked, decreasing the flow of blood to the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes. Cardiovascular disease is the NO. 1 cause of death. Death rates are higher when high blood pressure is also present and even higher when the high blood pressure is associated with other risk factors such as cigarette smoking and high blood cholesterol. Target Organs Heart - enlargement of the heart and increased hardening, thickening, and blockage of the coronary arteries. These changes can lead to chest pain, heart attacks, heart failure, and irregular heartbeats. Brain- high blood pressure is the most common cause of strokes, which also called cerebrocascular accidents (CVAs). Strokes are usually the result of a clot in a blood vessel or a bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, so that a portion of the brain gets sick and dies. Kidneys - your kidneys filter waste substances out of the blood into the urine. if your kidneys do not function properly, these waste substances build up in the blood and, beyond a certain level, begin to poison your body. As in the heart, the blood vessels in your kidneys can become hardened and thickened as a result of high blood pressure, and they cannot carry enough blood to nourish these organs and aid in eliminating waste. The result is kidney renal failure. Eyes- long-standing high blood pressure can cause serious eye problems, such as bleeding or clots in the small eye vessels or tearing away of the lining of the inner eye.

Who Is Aleister Crowley The Truth About His Life and Work

Who Is Aleister Crowley The Truth About His Life and Work SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The name â€Å"Crowley† has become synonymous with occultism, magic, and secret societies- but who was the man behind it all? Who was Aleister Crowley, really, and why has his name come to be synonymous with esoteric writings? In this article, we’ll discuss who Crowley was, including his life story, the many controversies he inspired, his connection with the occult, and all his famous writings. If you’ve ever wondered about the inspiration behind characters like Supernatural or Good Omens’ famed demons, it all comes back to one famed occultist. WhoIsAleisterCrowley? Aleister Crowley (pronounced CROW-lee), born Edward Alexander Crowley in 1875, was a famed writer, occultist, and hedonist known for practicing magick- this unique spelling not only differentiated his practices from stage magic, but also encompassed all actions leading toward a person’s destiny, or their â€Å"True Will.† Crowley’s Early Life Crowley was born to a preacher and spent the first part of his life as an evangelical Christian. His father died when he was 11, and Crowley’s beliefs changed quite quickly- soon, he started rebelling by not only questioning the Bible, but also by engaging in all kinds of activities that the church frowned upon. His behavior eventually led to his mother calling him â€Å"the beast,† which he adopted and embraced. By age 20, Crowley had adopted the name ‘Aleister,’ the Gaelic form of Alexander, as his new name. Crowley spent some time attending Cambridge University but dropped out before completing a degree. During his time in college, he considered a career in Russian diplomacy, but an illness caused him to reconsider. The illness also caused Crowley to think more philosophically about life and death, spurring him further toward the occult. He was known to be sexually promiscuous, primarily with women, but occasionally with men as well- most notably, fellow Cambridge student Herbert Jerome Pollitt. Pollitt and Crowley were not able to make their relationship last, as Pollitt was not interested in Crowley’s occult pursuits. Crowley deeply regretted the loss of their relationship, and his feelings were folded into his religious practice. Crowley Joins the Golden Dawn After leaving Cambridge in 1898, Crowley turned his attention toward hedonistic pursuits and his new involvement with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a group dedicated to studying the paranormal and the occult. Over the year or so he was involved with the group, Crowley rose quickly through the ranks but found himself butting heads with prominent members, such as Irish poet W. B. Yeats. Some members of the organization found his hedonism off-putting as well as his bisexuality, and he was not permitted to join the higher ranks. Further infighting led to Crowley attempting to take control of certain parts of the Golden Dawn lodge, which discredited his remaining friends in the organization, particularly Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. Crowley Forms the A∠´A∠´ After his time with the Golden Dawn, Crowley traveled the world, climbing mountains in Mexico and India while further developing his spiritual practice. In Paris, Crowley met Rose Kelly, who was set to be married to another man in an arranged marriage- the two instead married one another out of convenience in 1903, though they later fell in love. The two bonded over their mutual spiritualism, and during a meditation session, Rose reportedly passed on the message that Horus, an Egyptian god, was waiting for Crowley. Crowley pursued the idea, reportedly making contact in 1904 with a spirit named Aiwass who served as Horus’ messenger. During this contact, Aiwass is said to have dictated the text of what would later become The Book of the Law, or the sacred text of Thelema, to him. Crowley continued to travel the world, though Rose and their daughter, Lilith, remained behind. During this time, Rose developed a serious drinking problem and Lilith contracted typhoid, dying in 1906. Rose’s deteriorating mental health and their daughters’ death put increasing strain on their marriage, and the two divorced in 1909. Rose was later committed to an institution in 1911. Continuing his involvement in the occult, Crowley founded his own organization as a successor to The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, called A∠´A∠´, in 1907. Though he already had a reputation, a public court case in which his former friend Mathers sued him for disclosing secrets of the Golden Dawn in his own work shot him to even greater stardom. His involvement with the occult got him branded as a Satanist, a reputation he was more than happy to play up. Crowley’s Influence Grows Much of Crowley’s income came from publishing, as he continued writing and releasing books of poetry. He also wrote numerous articles for Vanity Fair, which at the time was edited by his friend Frank Harris. His articles included "On the Management of Blondes" and "Three Great Hoaxes of the War." His influence grew throughout the early to mid-20th century, as his writings drew in more practitioners of Thelema. He even started his own abbey in 1920, where he and other Thelemites lived and worshiped, practicing sex magic and creating art. His hedonistic lifestyle continued, and he developed a significant heroin problem. After significant controversy resulting from the quality of living at the Abbey of Thelema, Crowley was branded as â€Å"the wickedest man in the world.† He was deported from Italy under Benito Mussolini’s rule, and again deported from France thanks to his reputation. His hedonistic lifestyle and continued travels led to him becoming destitute. He took on students and even attempted to sue people he believed had libeled him, and though he won some cases, the legal fees were too much. He was declared bankrupt in 1935. After a brief interest in converting Adolf Hitler to Thelema, Crowley began associating with prominent members of British intelligence, specificallyBritain's Naval Intelligence Division, including Ian Fleming and Roald Dahl. He died in 1947, with his funeral being labeled a Black Mass by the press. Why Is Crowley Significant? Aleister Crowley achieved a level of fame quite unlike any other occult figure of his kind. While figures like Mathers and Allan Bennett may have been higher up in famous organizations like the Golden Dawn, it’s Crowley’s name that’s remembered, immortalized on the cover to Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band and in Black Sabbath’s â€Å"Mr. Crowley.† Part of his fame no doubt comes from the influence of his philosophy. One of Thelema’s tenets, and one of Crowley’s major life mottos, was â€Å"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.† Though there are multiple ways to interpret the meaning, one popular theory is that this motto, advocating for individualism alongside Thelema’s teaching that the world was approaching a new age, led into the cultural revolution of the sixties, which similarly embraced drug use and sexual liberation as a response to a straight-laced society. Many figures who helped catapult Crowley to posthumous fame, such as The Doors, The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, and Black Sabbath, all grew out of the countercultural movement of the 1960s, even if they were not active during that period. These icons of rock and pop culture helped solidify Crowley’s cultural relevance, but that’s only part of the story- there’s also much to be said about Crowley’s courting of controversy. Why Was Crowley So Controversial? It’s not hard to see why Crowley was a controversial figure; he was unabashedly bisexual in a time when that was frowned upon, he embraced rumors that he was a Satanist and child murderer, and he founded a religious organization that operated in opposition to dominant religions like Christianity. But it wasn’t just rumor that fueled his reputation- numerous events also convinced people that he was literally dangerous. One such event was the death of Raoul Loveday, a Thelemite who lived at Crowley’s Abbey of Thelema in Italy. According to Betty May, Loveday’s wife, Loveday drank a sacrificed cat’s blood. Other rituals included cutting themselves with razors if they used the pronoun ‘I.’ Loveday died while living in the Abbey after drinking from a polluted stream, prompting May to leave and tell the story to the press. It was this event that got Crowley branded as â€Å"the wickedest man in the world,† by John Bull, a British tabloid. But other events raised suspicions as well, such as when Crowley feuded with a mountaineering group as they tried to climb Kanchenjunga. The group eventually refused to climb any further, and though Crowley warned them that it would be dangerous to turn back, they did so- all of them, except Crowley, died in an accident. Crowley also exhibited some controversial political and social beliefs, such as his interests in Nazism and Marxist-Leninism or his misogyny and racism. Richard Spence and Tobias Churton have both suggested and that his controversial persona and numerous eccentricities were in fact adopted to hide his true purpose: that of a British spy. According to this theory, many of Crowley’s strange activities were done to throw people off the scent. He supposedly joined the Golden Dawn to gather information on Mathers, a Carlist, and that his attempted seizing of power was meant to discredit Mathers. Spence further suggested that some of Crowley’s travels were attempts to further British interests, such as searching for Mexican oil or monitoring the opium trade in China. Crowley was rejected from the British Naval Intelligence Division but did spend some time in the company of famed British spies. Other historians have noted Crowley’s involvement with George Sylvester Viereck and his paper The Fatherland, which aimed to keep the United States neutral during World War I. Though some have said that this was because he was a traitor to Britain, one biographer, Lawrence Sutin, has written that this was a coordinated attack on German credibility in New York. Sutin argues that, by pulling bizarre stunts and being hyperbolic, Crowley was actually acting under the wishes of British intelligence to discredit the Germans. Though it’s possible that Aleister Crowley’s â€Å"wicked† persona was an affectation to cover up his spy work, that theory isn’t what has drawn people to him. His contemporaries and later generations have long been interested in his connection with the occult, his storied life, and his many magickal writings. Aleister Crowley's Books Though Crowley is best known as the â€Å"wickedest man in the world,† his writings were his main source of income throughout his life. From poetry to religious texts, Crowley’s work is a large part of why he’s such an iconic figure today. Below you can see a list of his most important and popular publications: White Stains, 1898 Alice: An Adultery, 1903 Liber AL vel Legis (The Book of the Law), 1904 Collected Works of Aleister Crowley 1905–1907 Konx Om Pax: Essays in Light, 1907 Clouds without Water, 1909 Which is also Falsely Called BREAKS. The Wanderings or Falsifications of the One Thought of Frater Perdurabo, which Thought is itself Untrue. Liber CCCXXXIII [Book 333], 1912 The Equinox: Volume III, Number I, 1919 Diary of a Drug Fiend, 1922 The Confessions of Aleister Crowley : An Autohagiography, 1929 Moonchild, 1929 The Stratagem and other Stories, 1929 The Equinox of the Gods, 1936 Little Essays Toward Truth. 1938 Eight Lectures on Yoga, 1939 Liber OZ, 1941 The Book of Thoth: A Short Essay on the Tarot of the Egyptians, 1944 Magick Without Tears, 1954 Liber Aleph vel CXI: The Book of Wisdom or Folly, 1991 777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley The Law is for All Magick, Liber ABA, Book 4 The Vision and the Voice Famous Aleister Crowley Quotes Aleister Crowley, as a prolific writer and public figure, has a great number of memorable quotes. Some of his most famous include: â€Å"Black magic is not a myth. It is a totally unscientific and emotional form of magic, but it does get results - of an extremely temporary nature. The recoil upon those who practice it is terrific. It is like looking for an escape of gas with a lighted candle. As far as the search goes, there is little fear of failure! To practice black magic you have to violate every principle of science, decency, and intelligence. You must be obsessed with an insane idea of the importance of the petty object of your wretched and selfish desires. I have been accused of being a "black magician." No more foolish statement was ever made about me. I despise the thing to such an extent that I can hardly believe in the existence of people so debased and idiotic as to practice it.† - "The Worst Man in the World" in The Sunday Dispatch (2 July 1933) â€Å"Every man and every woman is a star.† - The Book of the Law (1904) â€Å"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.† - The Book of the Law (1904) â€Å"The conscience of the world is so guilty that it always assumes that people who investigate heresies must be heretics; just as if a doctor who studies leprosy must be a leper. Indeed, it is only recently that science has been allowed to study anything without reproach.† - The Confessions of Aleister Crowley (1929) â€Å"The customer is usually wrong; but statistics indicate that it doesn't pay to tell him so.† - Magick Without Tears (1954) â€Å"Remember all ye that existence is pure joy; that all the sorrows are but as shadows; they pass are done; but there is that which remains.† - The Book of the Law (1904) â€Å"Happiness lies within one's self, and the way to dig it out is cocaine.† - Diary of a Drug Fiend (1922) What’s Next? Want to know more about early 20th century literature? Learn more aboutThe Great Gatsby's title and how it reflects the themes of the book! Like your literature with a twist of the occult? This analysis of the character of Abigail Williams inThe Cruciblecovers her role in the fictionalized Salem Witch Trials of the play. Aleister Crowley's writings are pretty dense- if you need some help understanding him, check out this collection of AP language and composition terms!